Active Directory Attack Methodology

Rough Table of Contents

1. Initial Enumeration
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.1 Host Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ OS / Hostname
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Users / Groups
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ AV / EDR
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Network Interfaces
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Installed Software
β”‚   └── Running Services
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.2 Domain Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Current Domain
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Domain Controllers
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Forest / Trusts
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Password Policy
β”‚   └── DNS
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.3 User Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Domain Users
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Service Accounts
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Admin Accounts
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Disabled Users
β”‚   └── Description Fields
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.4 Group Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Privileged Groups
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Nested Groups
β”‚   └── Interesting Memberships
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.5 Computer Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Workstations
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Servers
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Domain Controllers
β”‚   └── Unconstrained Delegation Hosts
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.6 Session Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Logged-On Users
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ SMB Sessions
β”‚   └── Admin Sessions
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.7 Share Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ SMB Shares
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ SYSVOL
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ NETLOGON
β”‚   └── Sensitive Files
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.8 SPN Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Kerberoastable Accounts
β”‚   └── Service Discovery
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.9 ACL Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ GenericAll
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ GenericWrite
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ WriteDACL
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ WriteOwner
β”‚   └── ForceChangePassword
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.10 GPO Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Startup Scripts
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Scheduled Tasks
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Registry Preferences
β”‚   └── GPP Passwords
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.11 Trust Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Forest Trusts
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ External Trusts
β”‚   └── SID Filtering
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 1.12 ADCS Enumeration
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Certificate Authorities
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Vulnerable Templates
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ Enrollment Rights
β”‚   └── ESC Paths
β”‚
└── 1.13 BloodHound Enumeration
    β”œβ”€β”€ Collection Methods
    β”œβ”€β”€ OPSEC Collection
    β”œβ”€β”€ Path Analysis
    └── Attack Path Prioritization
 
 
2. Initial Foothold
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 2.1 Password Spraying
β”œβ”€β”€ 2.2 Credential Stuffing
β”œβ”€β”€ 2.3 Default Credentials
β”œβ”€β”€ 2.4 VPN Access
β”œβ”€β”€ 2.5 RDP Access
β”œβ”€β”€ 2.6 WinRM Access
β”œβ”€β”€ 2.7 MSSQL Access
β”œβ”€β”€ 2.8 SMB Access
β”œβ”€β”€ 2.9 Webshell Pivoting
└── 2.10 Phishing
 
 
3. Credential Access
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.1 Kerberoasting
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.2 AS-REP Roasting
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.3 DCSync
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.4 LSASS Dumping
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.5 SAM Extraction
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.6 DPAPI Abuse
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.7 NTDS Extraction
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.8 Cached Credentials
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.9 Token Impersonation
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.10 Pass-the-Hash
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.11 Pass-the-Ticket
β”œβ”€β”€ 3.12 Overpass-the-Hash
└── 3.13 Secrets Discovery
 
 
4. Local Privilege Escalation
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 4.1 Service Misconfigurations
β”œβ”€β”€ 4.2 Unquoted Service Paths
β”œβ”€β”€ 4.3 DLL Hijacking
β”œβ”€β”€ 4.4 Scheduled Tasks
β”œβ”€β”€ 4.5 AlwaysInstallElevated
β”œβ”€β”€ 4.6 SeImpersonatePrivilege
β”œβ”€β”€ 4.7 Driver Exploitation
β”œβ”€β”€ 4.8 Weak Registry Permissions
β”œβ”€β”€ 4.9 Credential Reuse
└── 4.10 UAC Bypass
 
 
5. Lateral Movement
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 5.1 PsExec
β”œβ”€β”€ 5.2 SMBExec
β”œβ”€β”€ 5.3 WMI
β”œβ”€β”€ 5.4 WinRM
β”œβ”€β”€ 5.5 RDP
β”œβ”€β”€ 5.6 DCOM
β”œβ”€β”€ 5.7 Scheduled Tasks
β”œβ”€β”€ 5.8 Remote Services
β”œβ”€β”€ 5.9 MSSQL Pivoting
└── 5.10 SOCKS / Proxy Pivoting
 
 
6. Active Directory Privilege Escalation
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.1 GenericAll Abuse
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.2 GenericWrite Abuse
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.3 WriteDACL Abuse
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.4 WriteOwner Abuse
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.5 ForceChangePassword
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.6 Shadow Credentials
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.7 RBCD
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.8 Constrained Delegation
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.9 Unconstrained Delegation
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.10 Resource-Based Delegation
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.11 GPO Abuse
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.12 AdminSDHolder
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.13 SIDHistory Abuse
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.14 ExtraSIDs
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.15 Exchange Abuse
β”œβ”€β”€ 6.16 SCCM Abuse
└── 6.17 DNSAdmins Abuse
 
 
7. Domain Dominance
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 7.1 DCSync
β”œβ”€β”€ 7.2 DCShadow
β”œβ”€β”€ 7.3 Golden Tickets
β”œβ”€β”€ 7.4 Silver Tickets
β”œβ”€β”€ 7.5 Skeleton Key
β”œβ”€β”€ 7.6 KRBTGT Extraction
β”œβ”€β”€ 7.7 NTDS.dit Extraction
└── 7.8 Forest Compromise
 
 
8. ADCS Attacks
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 8.1 ESC1
β”œβ”€β”€ 8.2 ESC2
β”œβ”€β”€ 8.3 ESC3
β”œβ”€β”€ 8.4 ESC4
β”œβ”€β”€ 8.5 ESC6
β”œβ”€β”€ 8.6 ESC8
β”œβ”€β”€ 8.7 Golden Certificates
β”œβ”€β”€ 8.8 Certificate Persistence
β”œβ”€β”€ 8.9 NTLM Relay to ADCS
└── 8.10 Enrollment Agent Abuse
 
 
9. Persistence
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 9.1 Golden Tickets
β”œβ”€β”€ 9.2 Silver Tickets
β”œβ”€β”€ 9.3 Shadow Credentials
β”œβ”€β”€ 9.4 Malicious GPOs
β”œβ”€β”€ 9.5 Startup Scripts
β”œβ”€β”€ 9.6 Scheduled Tasks
β”œβ”€β”€ 9.7 Service Persistence
β”œβ”€β”€ 9.8 WMI Event Subscription
β”œβ”€β”€ 9.9 AdminSDHolder Backdoor
└── 9.10 Skeleton Key
 
 
10. Defense Evasion
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 10.1 AMSI Bypass
β”œβ”€β”€ 10.2 ETW Bypass
β”œβ”€β”€ 10.3 PowerShell Obfuscation
β”œβ”€β”€ 10.4 In-Memory Execution
β”œβ”€β”€ 10.5 LOLBAS
β”œβ”€β”€ 10.6 AV Evasion
β”œβ”€β”€ 10.7 EDR Evasion
β”œβ”€β”€ 10.8 Traffic Shaping
└── 10.9 Living Off The Land
 
 
11. Command and Control
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 11.1 Sliver
β”œβ”€β”€ 11.2 Cobalt Strike
β”œβ”€β”€ 11.3 Mythic
β”œβ”€β”€ 11.4 Havoc
β”œβ”€β”€ 11.5 SOCKS Proxies
β”œβ”€β”€ 11.6 Redirectors
β”œβ”€β”€ 11.7 Malleable Profiles
└── 11.8 Named Pipe Pivoting
 
 
12. MSSQL Attacks
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 12.1 MSSQL Enumeration
β”œβ”€β”€ 12.2 xp_cmdshell
β”œβ”€β”€ 12.3 Linked Servers
β”œβ”€β”€ 12.4 UNC Path Injection
β”œβ”€β”€ 12.5 Service Account Abuse
└── 12.6 MSSQL Lateral Movement
 
 
13. Linux to AD
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 13.1 SMB Enumeration
β”œβ”€β”€ 13.2 LDAP Enumeration
β”œβ”€β”€ 13.3 Kerberos Enumeration
β”œβ”€β”€ 13.4 BloodHound from Linux
β”œβ”€β”€ 13.5 Impacket Toolkit
└── 13.6 NTLM Relay
 
 
14. Cloud / Hybrid AD
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 14.1 Entra ID Enumeration
β”œβ”€β”€ 14.2 AAD Connect
β”œβ”€β”€ 14.3 PTA Abuse
β”œβ”€β”€ 14.4 Cloud Sync Abuse
β”œβ”€β”€ 14.5 Hybrid Escalation
└── 14.6 Token Abuse
 
 
15. OPSEC
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 15.1 BloodHound OPSEC
β”œβ”€β”€ 15.2 Kerberoasting OPSEC
β”œβ”€β”€ 15.3 PowerShell Logging
β”œβ”€β”€ 15.4 Defender Detections
β”œβ”€β”€ 15.5 Event IDs
β”œβ”€β”€ 15.6 LSASS Protection
β”œβ”€β”€ 15.7 Beacon Placement
└── 15.8 Network Visibility
 
 
16. Attack Paths
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 16.1 Low Priv User β†’ DA
β”œβ”€β”€ 16.2 MSSQL β†’ DA
β”œβ”€β”€ 16.3 GenericWrite β†’ DA
β”œβ”€β”€ 16.4 ADCS β†’ DA
β”œβ”€β”€ 16.5 Local Admin β†’ DA
β”œβ”€β”€ 16.6 Delegation β†’ DA
β”œβ”€β”€ 16.7 NTLM Relay β†’ DA
└── 16.8 Multi-Forest Compromise
 
 
17. Tooling
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 17.1 PowerView
β”œβ”€β”€ 17.2 BloodHound
β”œβ”€β”€ 17.3 SharpHound
β”œβ”€β”€ 17.4 Rubeus
β”œβ”€β”€ 17.5 Certipy
β”œβ”€β”€ 17.6 Impacket
β”œβ”€β”€ 17.7 NetExec
β”œβ”€β”€ 17.8 Mimikatz
β”œβ”€β”€ 17.9 Seatbelt
β”œβ”€β”€ 17.10 Sliver
└── 17.11 CrackMapExec
 
 
18. Cheat Sheets
β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€ 18.1 PowerShell
β”œβ”€β”€ 18.2 Linux Commands
β”œβ”€β”€ 18.3 Impacket Cheatsheet
β”œβ”€β”€ 18.4 Kerberos Cheatsheet
β”œβ”€β”€ 18.5 ADCS Cheatsheet
β”œβ”€β”€ 18.6 BloodHound Queries
└── 18.7 One-Liners